Overview of Diabetes Mellitus


Overview of Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar level, which is mainly caused by insulin-secretion deficiency and /or insulin effect disorder and is closely related to genetic factors. Continuous high blood sugar level, long-term metabolic disturbance and others may result in damages to all organs, especially eye, kidney, cardiovascular and nervous system and functions of disorder and failure.

Diabetes mellitus includes type I diabetes mellitus, type II diabetes mellitus, other special types and gestational diabetes mellitus

Type I diabetes mellitus
It is also called as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and patients always have symptoms in childhood or in their adolescence. This may be one autoimmune disease. Under this condition, the immune system may attack the β cells producing insulin, eventually resulting in that the human body can’t produce insulin. Patients have to control the blood sugar by injecting insulin. This is a congenital genetic disease.

 Type II diabetes mellitus
It is also known as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and often appears in adults (especially in obese patients). It may result in emaciation.
Causes include:
1. Insulin resistance results in that human body can’t effectively use insulin.
2. Decrease in erection of insulin. Unable to meet the requirement of human body.

Gestational diabetes mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus is one of main complications during perinatal period. It may result in foetal growth deformities, fetal distress in uterus, intrauterine death, neonatal hypoglycemia, macrosomia, difficult labor or stillbirth and other complications.

Other types of diabetes mellitus
Causes of some types of diabetes mellitus are different from that of type 1, type 2 and gestational diabetes mellitus, which include:
β- cells gene defect (β cells secrete insulin)
Inherited insulin resistance
Pancreatic diseases
Hormone imbalance
Chemical or drugs action　　

Causes of diabetes mellitus
I. Genetic factor
In terms of causes of type I diabetes mellitus, genetic factors account for 50% while for type II diabetes mellitus, the importance of genetic factors is up to more than 90%.
    II. Mental factor
Mental stress, emotional agitation and various stress situations will result in rise in blood sugar.
III. Long-term hyperphagia
Eating too much without limitation and excessive nutrition may induce diabetes mellitus.
IV. Obesity factor
It is currently believed that obesity is one important precipitating factor of diabetes mellitus. About 60%-80% adult patients with diabetes mellitus are obese before onset. 
V. Pregnancy
Times of pregnancy is related to onset of diabetes mellitus. Many times of pregnancy may induce diabetes mellitus.
VI. Infection
 There is a significant relationship between juvenile diabetes mellitus and virus infection.
VII. Basic factors
No matter what type of diabetes mellitus is, no matter the cause is hereditary susceptibility, environment factor or virus infection, after all, diabetes mellitus is caused by genetic damages. In other words, diabetes mellitus is a kind of genetic disease.

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